Cover page

Species Name: Crocothemis servilia.

Crocothemis servilia is commonly known as scarlet skimmer, and belongs to the Order Odonata, Family

Libellulidae. In this picture Crocothemis servilia is in Obelisk posture. The ”obelisk posture” refers to a

handstand-like position adopted by certain species of dragonflies and damselflies in order to regulate their body

temperature and prevent overheating on sunny days. This unique behavior involves the elevation of the abdomen

until its apex is oriented toward the sun, thereby reducing the amount of body surface exposed to direct solar

radiation. This alignment becomes most pronounced when the sun is positioned almost directly overhead,

creating a visual resemblance to an obelisk-like structure.

Publisher : airis4D, Thelliyoor 689544, India

Website : www.airis4d.com

Email : nsp@airis4d.com

Phone : +919497552476

i

Editorial

by Fr Dr Abraham Mulamoottil

airis4D, Vol.1, No.9, 2023

knowledge by endeavouring to land a rover on the moon’s surface softly. Although the lander experienced

a challenging touchdown, the orbiter continued its lunar orbit, beaming back valuable data. Chandrayaan-2

underlined India’s prowess in executing intricate space manoeuvres and brought it closer to achieving a delicate

lunar landing. A groundbreaking achievement arrived in August 2023 with India’s most recent lunar endeavour,

Chandrayaan-3. It accomplished a triumphant landing near the lunar south pole, firmly establishing India’s status

as a prominent figure in the global space arena. Beyond the successful touchdown, Chandrayaan-3 showcased

India’s unwavering determination and cutting-edge space technology, solidifying its position as a trailblazer.

The mission’s success demonstrated prowess and underscored India’s commitment to exploring uncharted lunar

territories. These lunar expeditions encompass more than scientific quests; they encapsulate India’s aspirations

to transcend conventional boundaries in space exploration. They have yielded invaluable insights into lunar

and efforts to tackle domestic challenges like poverty remain a recurring narrative. Critics question resource

allocation, suggesting funds could be better applied elsewhere. India’s retort to these concerns underscores its

position as the world’s fifth-largest economy and emphasises its accomplishments. It underscores that economic

growth and technological advancement are paralleled by initiatives addressing societal development. India’s

accomplishments in space challenge colonial narratives of inferiority and echo its ascent as a global force. These

successes resonate with historical contexts, countering economic exploitation during British colonisation and

spotlighting India’s determination to reshape its narrative on a global stage. Evidenced by India’s successful

lunar landings, claims of fabrication that have plagued other space programs are effectively dispelled. ISRO’s

transparent sharing of scientific data validates the authenticity of India’s achievements and underscores its

dedication to credible space exploration. This ongoing debate underscores the significance of a nation shaping

they are two sides of the same coin, working to uplift the nation. These two facets synergise, ultimately

lifting the nation. This edition of airis4D explores firstly the ”Difference Boosted Neural Network” (DBNN)

architecture and its extension called ”Enhanced Difference Boosted Neural Network” (E-DBNN). The approach

enhances performance compared to traditional methods like Naive Bayes. The author, Blesson George, shares

E-DBNN’s Python code on GitHub and focuses on machine learning algorithms for protein studies. The second

article discusses text summarisation techniques in ”From Information Overload to Clarity: The Power of Text

Summarization (Part 2)” by Jinsu Ann Mathew. It covers extractive and abstractive summarisation methods.

Extractive summarisation selects essential sentences from the source text to form a summary, while abstractive

summarisation generates new sentences that capture the essence. Abstractive methods include structure-based,

maintaining original structure, and semantic-based, creating new sentences with similar meanings. The article

”The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: Exploring Stellar Evolution and Diversity” by Robin Jacob Roy, introduces

the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram, a fundamental tool in astronomy. The diagram categorises stars based

on luminosity, temperature, spectral type, and evolutionary stage, revealing insights into their properties and

life cycles. It discusses the main features of the HR diagram, such as luminosity, temperature, spectral type, and

evolutionary stage. It explains its use in understanding different types of stars, including main sequence stars,

red giants, supergiants, white dwarfs, and more. The HR diagram is a crucial tool for comprehending stellar

evolution and diversity. The fifth article, ”X-ray Binaries” by Sindhu G, discusses X-ray binaries, a category

of binary star system containing a compact object (neutron star or black hole) and a companion star. These

binaries emit X-ray radiation due to material accumulation onto the compact object, often through processes like

Roche lobe overflow. They can be classified into low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), high-mass X-ray binaries

this ecosystem impacts digestion, nutrient absorption, immune modulation, and protection against pathogens.

Factors like diet, genetics, and environment influence the microbiota composition. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in

the microbiota, is linked to various health conditions. The article also covers advanced techniques, such as DNA

sequencing and metabolomics, used to study and understand the gut microbiota’s roles in maintaining health and

causing diseases. The last article, ”Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks” by Ninan Sajeeth Philip,

explains the significance and functioning of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). CNNs are a class of neural

Editorial ii

I Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 1

1 Difference Boosted Neural Network(DBNN) - Part 4 2